Bismuth
Element 83 · chemical symbol: Bi
These Vrulum profiles mention Bismuth by name. Read each profile for its specific context; a mention alone does not establish composition, performance or use of the pure element.
For periodic-table data and other properties, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry periodic table.
Related technology profiles
Artificial photosynthesis
Artificial leaves are devices that use sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in one integrated unit. Laboratory modules have reached about 11% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency under one-sun illumination, but durability and outdoor performance at useful scale have not yet been shown.
Electrochemical CO2 conversion
Electrochemical CO2 conversion uses electricity to turn carbon dioxide into chemicals such as formate. Prototype stacks built from 1,526 cm² cells have been reported, but long-term stability, energy use and climate benefit at industrial scale are not yet shown.